Vitamin B12 is a water-soluble vitamin that plays a central role in energy metabolism and nervous system health. It helps your body make red blood cells and supports the normal formation of myelin, the protective coating around nerves that allows signals to travel efficiently. Vitamin B12 is also required for one‑carbon metabolism, a process that keeps homocysteine levels in check and supports DNA synthesis and cell repair. Human studies suggest that low or deficient B12 can contribute to neurological problems and cognitive decline, while correcting an overt deficiency helps restore neurological function.[1][2]

In a brain-focused formula, the main goal is to support clear thinking, mental energy and long‑term brain health. Here, Vitamin B12 works alongside folate and NAD+ as part of a metabolic and methylation support pillar, helping brain cells efficiently produce energy and maintain healthy nerve structure. By participating in homocysteine regulation and methylation pathways, B12 complements folate’s role and may help protect brain tissue over time.[2][3] In combination with GPC, which directly supplies choline for cell membranes and neurotransmitter production, Vitamin B12 supports the nutritional foundation your brain needs for everyday focus and cognitive performance.

References

• [1] The Neurological Sequelae of Vitamin B12 Deficiency: A Systematic Review and Randomized Controlled Trial
• [2] Vitamin B12 and cognitive function: an evidence-based analysis
• [3] Effects of Vitamin B12 Supplementation on Cognitive Function, Depressive Symptoms, and Fatigue: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Meta-Regression

L-alpha-Glycerylphosphorylcholine, often shortened to alpha-GPC or GPC, is a choline-containing compound naturally present in small amounts in the body and in certain foods. It serves as a highly bioavailable source of choline, a nutrient needed to build cell membranes and to synthesize acetylcholine, a key neurotransmitter involved in attention, learning and memory. Human studies suggest that alpha-GPC can influence cognitive performance and emotional states, likely through its effects on cholinergic and related neurotransmitter systems.[1][2] Research in people with cognitive impairment has found that alpha-GPC can support cognitive test scores and is generally well tolerated.[3]

In a Brain Health formula focused on supporting mental clarity, focus and overall cognitive function, GPC acts as a central neurotransmitter-support nutrient. By supplying choline in a form that can contribute to acetylcholine production, it complements Vitamin B12 and folate, which help maintain healthy homocysteine metabolism and nervous system function, and NAD+, which is involved in cellular energy processes. Together, these ingredients create a multi-pillar approach: GPC for cholinergic signaling, B-vitamins for methylation and nerve support, and NAD+ for brain energy metabolism. This combination is designed to help sustain everyday cognitive performance, motivation and mental sharpness.[1][2][3]

References

• [1] Alpha-Glycerylphosphorylcholine Increases Motivation in Healthy Volunteers: A Single-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Human Study
• [2] Vertical Association Between Dietary Total Choline and L-alpha-glycerylphosphorylcholine and the Cognitive Function in Chinese Adults Aged over 55, Result from China Health and Nutrition Survey 1997-2018
• [3] Efficacy and safety of choline alphoscerate for amnestic mild cognitive impairment: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial

Folate, also known as vitamin B9, is a water-soluble B vitamin that your body uses in one-carbon metabolism, a set of reactions essential for DNA synthesis, repair and methylation. It works closely with vitamin B12 to convert homocysteine into methionine, helping maintain normal homocysteine levels and supporting healthy blood and nerve function. Adequate folate status is particularly important for rapidly dividing cells and for tissues with high metabolic demands, such as the brain.

In a Brain Health formula designed to support mental clarity, focus and long-term cognitive function, folate plays a key role in the metabolic and methylation support pillar. By contributing to homocysteine regulation and methylation pathways, folate helps create a biochemical environment that is compatible with healthy brain aging.[1][2] Clinical trials of folic acid in older adults and people with cognitive impairment show that supplementation can effectively lower homocysteine and, in some contexts, is associated with modest benefits in certain cognitive domains, although results across studies are mixed.[1][3] Within this product, folate complements vitamin B12 for homocysteine management, NAD+ for cellular energy, and GPC for cholinergic neurotransmitter support, together forming a multi-angle approach to everyday cognitive performance.

References

• [1] Effect of 3-year folic acid supplementation on cognitive function in older adults in the FACIT trial: a randomised, double blind, controlled trial
• [2] Randomized trial of folic acid supplementation and serum homocysteine levels
• [3] Effect of folic acid, with or without other B vitamins, on cognitive decline: meta-analysis of randomized trials

NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is a coenzyme found in every cell, essential for turning the food you eat into usable cellular energy. It shuttles electrons in redox reactions within the mitochondria, helping to drive ATP production. NAD+ is also a required cofactor for enzymes such as sirtuins and PARPs that are involved in DNA repair, cellular stress responses and metabolic regulation. Human supplementation studies with NAD+ precursors like nicotinamide riboside show that raising NAD+ levels in blood and tissues is feasible and generally well tolerated.[1][2]

In a Brain Health formula, the main goal is to support mental clarity, sustained focus and long-term cognitive function. NAD+ here serves as a core cellular energy and resilience nutrient for brain cells. Clinical work with oral NAD+ precursors has shown increases in neuronal NAD+–related markers and shifts in biomarkers tied to neurodegenerative pathways, suggesting engagement of brain-relevant biology, although clear cognitive benefits in humans are not yet established and results are mixed.[3] Within this product, NAD+ complements GPC, which supports cholinergic neurotransmission, while vitamin B12 and folate help maintain healthy homocysteine metabolism and nerve integrity. Together, they provide coordinated support for mitochondrial energy production, membrane signaling and methylation processes that underlie everyday cognitive performance.

References

• [1] Safety and Metabolism of Long-term Administration of NIAGEN (Nicotinamide Riboside Chloride) in a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-controlled Clinical Trial of Healthy Overweight Adults
• [2] Nicotinamide riboside is uniquely and orally bioavailable in mice and humans
• [3] Oral nicotinamide riboside raises NAD+ and lowers biomarkers of neurodegenerative pathology in plasma extracellular vesicles enriched for neuronal origin