What is this ingredient? Vitamin A, provided here as retinyl palmitate, is a fat‑soluble vitamin that the body stores as retinyl esters and converts to active retinol and retinoic acid as needed. It plays key roles in vision, regulation of cell growth and differentiation, immune function, and maintenance of epithelial tissues such as skin and the lining of hair follicles [4,8]. In skin and hair follicles, tightly regulated vitamin A signaling helps control the balance between cell proliferation and maturation; severe deficiency disrupts this balance and is classically associated with dry, rough skin and impaired hair follicle function.

Retinyl palmitate is a storage form that can be converted to retinol, then to retinoic acid, which binds nuclear receptors to influence gene expression in target tissues [4]. By supporting normal turnover and specialization of keratinocytes and other epithelial cells, adequate vitamin A helps maintain healthy barrier tissues, including those involved in hair anchoring and scalp integrity.

Why include it in this formula? Judging from its full ingredient list—biotin, a broad B‑complex, vitamin C, vitamin D3, vitamin E, zinc, methylsulfonylmethane (MSM), hydrolyzed keratin, medium‑chain triglycerides, and a proprietary hair growth complex—this product is clearly focused on supporting hair strength, density, and overall follicle health. Within that architecture, vitamin A functions as a "cellular differentiation and scalp-epithelium" pillar. While keratin, MSM, biotin, and zinc provide structural and sulfur-rich building blocks, vitamin A helps guide how epithelial cells in the hair follicle and scalp surface proliferate and mature [4,8].

By maintaining normal epithelial turnover and supporting immune and barrier function at the skin surface, appropriate vitamin A status creates a healthier environment around the follicles, complementing nutrients that act more directly on hair shaft structure. In combination with antioxidant vitamins C and E and zinc, vitamin A also contributes to managing oxidative challenges that can affect skin and follicular tissues, reinforcing the formula’s inside‑out approach to hair and scalp vitality.

References

• [4] The Roles of Vitamin A in the Regulation of Carbohydrate, Lipid, and Protein Metabolism
• [7] The effect of vitamin A supplementation on serum retinol and retinol binding protein levels
• [8] Vitamin A and retinoic acids immunomodulation on human gut lymphocytes

What is this ingredient? Vitamin C, listed here as ascorbic acid, is an essential water‑soluble vitamin that humans must obtain from food or supplements. It is a powerful reducing agent and a required cofactor for key enzymes involved in collagen synthesis, including prolyl and lysyl hydroxylases, which stabilize collagen’s triple‑helix structure [0,2,10,11]. Without sufficient vitamin C, these enzymes lose activity and newly formed collagen is fragile, contributing to the classic skin and hair changes seen in scurvy. Vitamin C also acts as an antioxidant, helping neutralize reactive oxygen species and protect cellular lipids, proteins, and DNA from oxidative stress [0,7,11].

Experimental and clinical work shows that ascorbic acid can increase collagen type I and III production in fibroblasts and dermis, supporting dermal thickness and resilience [1,5,10,11]. In skin models and human studies, vitamin C has been linked to enhanced collagen gene expression, improved matrix organization, and better repair of UV‑induced damage [1,4–6,8,9,11].

Why include it in this formula? From its ingredient list—broad B‑vitamin complex, biotin, zinc, MSM, hydrolyzed keratin, a proprietary hair growth complex, fat‑soluble vitamins, and medium‑chain triglycerides—this product is clearly focused on supporting hair strength, density, and scalp/skin integrity. In this context, vitamin C is a central "collagen and antioxidant" pillar. Hair follicles and the surrounding dermis rely on robust collagen networks in the scalp for anchoring and support; vitamin C ensures that collagen‑building enzymes can properly hydroxylate amino acids and form stable fibers [0,2,10,11].

By helping maintain a healthy collagen-rich environment in the scalp and providing antioxidant protection against everyday oxidative stress, vitamin C complements structural ingredients like hydrolyzed keratin and sulfur donors such as MSM, as well as biotin and zinc, which are important for keratin infrastructure. This combination supports the foundational tissues around the follicle, aligning with the product’s goal of promoting resilient hair from the inside out rather than addressing hair only at the surface level.

References

• [0] Vitamin C
• [1] Topically applied vitamin C enhances the mRNA level of collagens I and III, their processing enzymes and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase 1 in the human dermis
• [10] Effect of vitamin C and its derivatives on collagen synthesis and cross-linking by normal human fibroblasts
• [11] Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C) as a Cosmeceutical to Increase Dermal Collagen for Skin Antiaging Purposes: Emerging Combination Therapies

What is this ingredient? Vitamin D3, listed here as cholecalciferol, is a fat‑soluble vitamin and prohormone that the body can synthesize in the skin from sunlight or obtain from diet and supplements. After activation to 1,25‑dihydroxyvitamin D, it helps regulate calcium and phosphate balance, supporting normal bone and muscle function. Skin itself can locally convert vitamin D3 into active metabolites that act on keratinocytes through the vitamin D receptor, influencing genes involved in cell proliferation, differentiation, and antimicrobial defense [8–10].

Recent work highlights vitamin D’s importance for skin and hair biology. Experimental and clinical studies link vitamin D deficiency with disrupted hair‑follicle cycling and a higher incidence of non‑scarring alopecias, including androgenetic alopecia, female pattern hair loss, alopecia areata, and telogen effluvium [0,5,6]. Meta‑analyses show that people with these hair disorders are more likely to have lower 25‑hydroxyvitamin D levels or frank deficiency than controls, underscoring the relevance of maintaining adequate vitamin D status for scalp health [0,5,6].

Why include it in this formula? From its ingredient profile—broad B‑complex, biotin, zinc, MSM, hydrolyzed keratin, a proprietary hair growth complex, plus vitamins A, C, E, and medium‑chain triglycerides—this product is clearly designed to support hair strength, density, and scalp integrity. Within that architecture, vitamin D3 is a "follicle environment and signaling" pillar. Adequate vitamin D status supports normal keratinocyte behavior and local immune balance in the skin, factors that are important at the level of the hair follicle opening and surrounding tissue [8–10].

By helping correct or prevent low vitamin D—commonly observed in many adults and frequently reported in people with non‑scarring alopecia—vitamin D3 complements structural ingredients like keratin and MSM and regulatory nutrients such as vitamin A and zinc [0,5,6]. Together, they aim to create a better‑nourished, more stable scalp microenvironment in which hair follicles can cycle normally, aligning with the product’s inside‑out approach to hair and scalp vitality.

References

• [0] Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D in non-scarring alopecia: A systematic review and meta-analysis
• [5] Vitamin D deficiency in non-scarring and scarring alopecias: a systematic review and meta-analysis
• [6] Association Between Serum Trace Elements Level and Alopecia Areata: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
• [8] Skin is an autonomous organ in synthesis, two-step activation and degradation of vitamin D3: CYP27 in epidermis completes the set of essential vitamin D3-hydroxylases
• [10] Role of the vitamin D3 pathway in healthy and diseased skin--facts, contradictions and hypotheses

What is this ingredient? Vitamin E in this formula is provided as D‑alpha tocopheryl succinate, a stabilized form of natural alpha‑tocopherol. Alpha‑tocopherol is the main fat‑soluble antioxidant vitamin in human cell membranes. It protects polyunsaturated fatty acids in cell and organelle membranes from lipid peroxidation by scavenging lipid peroxyl radicals, thereby helping maintain membrane structure and function [0,1]. Through these antioxidant and membrane‑stabilizing actions, vitamin E influences redox balance, inflammatory signaling, and integrity of tissues that are rich in lipids, such as skin and sebum‑coated hair fibers [0,1].

Clinical and experimental work shows that vitamin E supplementation can reduce biomarkers of oxidative stress and some inflammatory mediators in settings of elevated oxidative burden, such as obesity or chronic dialysis [0,4,6]. In skin models, alpha‑tocopherol helps limit UV‑ and chemically induced oxidative damage, further underscoring its role as a front‑line lipid antioxidant in cutaneous tissues [2,5].

Why include it in this formula? This product combines a broad B‑complex, biotin, zinc, methylsulfonylmethane (MSM), hydrolyzed keratin, medium‑chain triglycerides, and a proprietary hair growth complex, clearly aiming to support hair strength, density, and scalp/skin health. Within this architecture, vitamin E acts as a "lipid membrane and sebum antioxidant" pillar. Hair shafts and the scalp surface are coated in lipid‑rich sebum; protecting those lipids and adjacent cell membranes from oxidation helps maintain shine, flexibility, and a comfortable scalp environment.

By limiting lipid peroxidation and dampening oxidative stress–linked inflammatory pathways [0,1,4,6], vitamin E complements vitamin C (which can help regenerate oxidized alpha‑tocopherol), structural proteins like keratin, sulfur donors such as MSM, and zinc, which supports keratin and antioxidant enzymes. Together, these nutrients address both the structural components of hair and the oxidative stresses that can affect scalp and follicular tissues, aligning with the product’s inside‑out approach to hair and skin vitality.

References

• [0] Vitamin E, oxidative stress, and inflammation
• [1] Vitamin E in human health and disease
• [4] Beneficial Effects of Vitamin E Supplementation on Endothelial Dysfunction, Inflammation, and Oxidative Stress Biomarkers in Patients Receiving Hemodialysis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
• [6] The effect of vitamins C and E on biomarkers of oxidative stress depends on baseline level

What is this ingredient? Vitamin B1, provided here as thiamin hydrochloride, is a water‑soluble vitamin that the body rapidly converts into thiamine diphosphate (also called thiamine pyrophosphate). This active form is an essential cofactor for several key enzymes in carbohydrate metabolism, including pyruvate dehydrogenase, α‑ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, and transketolase [0,2,3]. These enzymes sit at the crossroads of glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the pentose phosphate pathway, helping turn dietary carbohydrates into usable cellular energy (ATP) and supporting synthesis of nucleotides and other building blocks [0,2,6].

When thiamine intake is inadequate, cells cannot efficiently oxidize glucose, leading to energy deficits—particularly in high‑demand tissues like the nervous system, heart, and skeletal muscle. Deficiency states such as beriberi and Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome reflect this breakdown in mitochondrial function and are characterized by neurological and cardiovascular symptoms [1,5,6]. Adequate thiamine, by contrast, supports smooth energy metabolism and healthy neuromuscular function.

Why include it in this formula? From its combination of a full B‑complex, fat‑soluble vitamins, biotin, zinc, MSM, hydrolyzed keratin, medium‑chain triglycerides, and a proprietary hair growth complex, this product is clearly built to support hair strength and density by nourishing follicles from within. In that context, vitamin B1 serves as a core "energy and metabolism" pillar. Hair follicles are metabolically active mini‑organs with rapid cell turnover; they rely on efficient glucose oxidation and mitochondrial ATP production, processes in which thiamine‑dependent enzymes are central [0,2,3,6].

By helping maintain robust carbohydrate metabolism, thiamine supports the energy supply needed for keratin synthesis, follicular cell division, and scalp tissue maintenance. It works alongside other B vitamins involved in mitochondrial function, while structural components like keratin and MSM provide the physical building blocks of hair. Together, they create a metabolic and structural foundation that aligns with the product’s goal: supporting healthy, resilient hair growth from the inside out rather than acting only at the cosmetic surface level.

References

• [0] Mitochondrial function and toxicity: role of the B vitamin family on mitochondrial energy metabolism
• [1] Thiamine Deprivation Produces a Liver ATP Deficit and Metabolic and Genomic Effects in Mice
• [2] Vitamin B1 (thiamin)
• [3] Effects of thiamine and benfotiamine on intracellular glucose metabolism and relevance in the prevention of diabetic complications
• [6] Thiamine (Vitamin B1) – An Essential Health Regulator

What is this ingredient? Vitamin B2, listed here as riboflavin, is a water‑soluble B vitamin that the body converts into two active coenzymes: flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD). These flavin cofactors are required for the activity of many flavoenzymes that drive core energy‑producing pathways, including the citric acid cycle, β‑oxidation of fatty acids, and parts of amino‑acid metabolism [1,7,10]. Because of this central role, adequate riboflavin is essential for efficient mitochondrial ATP generation and redox balance in metabolically active tissues.

Riboflavin deficiency interferes with normal cell growth and differentiation and can present with nonspecific symptoms such as fatigue, sore throat, angular stomatitis, and seborrheic changes of the skin and mucosae [7]. At the cellular level, disturbances in riboflavin metabolism can compromise flavoenzyme function, leading to impaired energy production and greater vulnerability to oxidative stress [1,7,9].

Why include it in this formula? This product combines a full B‑complex, fat‑soluble antioxidants, biotin, zinc, methylsulfonylmethane (MSM), hydrolyzed keratin, medium‑chain triglycerides, and a proprietary hair growth complex, clearly aiming to support hair strength, density, and scalp/skin vitality from within. In that context, riboflavin is a key "mitochondrial and redox" pillar. Hair follicles are highly energy‑demanding mini‑organs; they rely on robust mitochondrial function and flavoenzyme activity to fuel rapid keratin production and follicular cell turnover [1,7,10].

By supporting the FMN- and FAD‑dependent enzymes that sit at the heart of oxidative metabolism, riboflavin helps ensure a steady energy supply for growing hair, while also contributing to cellular antioxidant defenses via flavoenzymes involved in redox cycling [1,9,10]. Working alongside other B vitamins, keratin, MSM, and zinc, riboflavin helps create a metabolic environment in which the follicle’s structural and signaling needs can be met, aligning with the product’s inside‑out approach to healthier, more resilient hair and scalp tissues.

References

• [1] The human flavoproteome
• [7] Riboflavin in development and cell fate
• [9] Riboflavin Responsive Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Neurodegenerative Diseases
• [10] Riboflavin, or vitamin B2, is the precursor of flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)

What is this ingredient? Vitamin B3 in this product is supplied as niacinamide (nicotinamide), a non‑flushing form of niacin. In the body, niacinamide is converted into the coenzymes NAD⁺ and NADP⁺, which are central to cellular energy metabolism, DNA repair, and redox balance [2,3]. In skin, niacinamide has been shown to support barrier function, increase ceramide and other stratum corneum lipids, and reduce transepidermal water loss, helping the outer layer retain moisture and resilience [0,7].

Experimental work in skin and hair‑related cells indicates that niacinamide can modulate keratinocyte differentiation, maintain proliferative capacity, and protect dermal papilla cells from oxidative stress–induced senescence, changes that are relevant to hair growth biology [1,9]. Overall, vitamin B3 as niacinamide is best viewed as a versatile cellular cofactor that supports energy, barrier integrity, and anti‑oxidative defenses rather than as a stimulant.

Why include it in this formula? From its ingredient list—broad B‑complex, biotin, zinc, MSM, hydrolyzed keratin, medium‑chain triglycerides, and a proprietary hair growth complex—this product is clearly focused on supporting hair strength, density, and scalp/skin health. Within this architecture, niacinamide serves as a "cellular energy and barrier" pillar. By fueling NAD⁺‑dependent pathways and enhancing epidermal lipids, it helps maintain a healthier scalp barrier and microenvironment around hair follicles [0,3,7,9].

In cultured human dermal papilla cells, niacinamide has been shown to reduce oxidative stress, down‑regulate pro‑catagen signals such as DKK‑1, and protect against stress‑induced premature follicle regression, suggesting a supportive role for hair growth under oxidative challenge [1]. When combined with structural ingredients like keratin and MSM, antioxidant vitamins C and E, and follicle‑focused actives in the proprietary complex, niacinamide helps ensure that follicles have both the energy coenzymes and surface barrier support needed for robust, resilient hair growth from within.

References

• [0] Nicotinic acid/niacinamide and the skin
• [1] Niacinamide Down-Regulates the Expression of DKK-1 and Protects Cells from Oxidative Stress in Cultured Human Dermal Papilla Cells
• [2] The Role of Nicotinamide in Cancer Chemoprevention and Therapy
• [7] Nicotinamide increases biosynthesis of ceramides as well as other stratum corneum lipids to improve the epidermal permeability barrier
• [9] Nicotinamide Metabolism Modulates the Proliferation/Differentiation Balance and Senescence of Human Primary Keratinocytes

What is this ingredient? Vitamin B6, provided here as pyridoxine HCl, is a water‑soluble vitamin that is converted in the body to pyridoxal‑5′‑phosphate (PLP), its main active coenzyme form. PLP is required for more than 140 enzymatic reactions, particularly in amino‑acid metabolism, including transamination, decarboxylation, and transsulfuration steps [0]. These reactions underpin the synthesis of neurotransmitters, heme, and many structural and signaling molecules. Vitamin B6 also participates in one‑carbon metabolism and homocysteine handling via PLP‑dependent enzymes such as serine hydroxymethyltransferase and cystathionine β‑synthase [0,1,4].

Deficiency or experimentally induced B6 restriction alters patterns of one‑carbon and tryptophan metabolites and is associated with changes in serine, cystathionine, creatine, and related pathways, reflecting widespread effects on cellular metabolism [1,3,8]. In skin, B6 deficiency has been linked to impaired collagen neogenesis and pellagrous‑type lesions, likely due to reduced proline formation from ornithine and consequent suppression of new collagen synthesis [2].

Why include it in this formula? From its ingredient list—broad B‑complex, biotin, zinc, methylsulfonylmethane (MSM), hydrolyzed keratin, medium‑chain triglycerides, and a proprietary hair growth complex—this product clearly targets hair strength, density, and scalp/skin vitality. Within that architecture, vitamin B6 functions as a "protein metabolism and structural support" pillar. Hair is predominantly made of keratin, a protein rich in sulfur‑containing amino acids; PLP‑dependent enzymes help process these amino acids and support transsulfuration pathways that intersect with sulfur donors like MSM [0,4,8].

By contributing to collagen‑related metabolism and amino‑acid handling, vitamin B6 supports both the dermal matrix around follicles and the synthesis of keratin itself, working synergistically with hydrolyzed keratin, MSM, and zinc. Its role in one‑carbon and homocysteine metabolism also complements folate and B12, helping maintain a metabolically balanced environment for rapidly dividing follicle cells [0,1,4]. Altogether, pyridoxine HCl helps ensure that the formula’s structural ingredients are backed by the enzymatic machinery needed to turn them into strong, resilient hair and healthy scalp tissue.

References

• [0] Vitamin B6 deficiency, genome instability and cancer
• [1] Targeted metabolomics and mathematical modeling demonstrate that vitamin B-6 restriction alters one-carbon metabolism in cultured HepG2 cells
• [2] Changes of glucose metabolism and skin‑collagen neogenesis in vitamin B6 deficiency
• [8] Deficiencies of folate and vitamin B(6) exert distinct effects on homocysteine, serine, and methionine kinetics

What is this ingredient? Vitamin B12, provided here as cyanocobalamin, is a water‑soluble vitamin that humans must obtain from the diet. In its active coenzyme forms, methylcobalamin and adenosylcobalamin, it is essential for one‑carbon metabolism and mitochondrial function. Vitamin B12 is a cofactor for methionine synthase in the folate–methionine cycle and for methylmalonyl‑CoA mutase in propionate metabolism, processes that underpin DNA synthesis, methylation, and energy production [0,5,6]. Deficiency can lead to megaloblastic anemia and a wide range of neurological and neuropsychiatric manifestations due to impaired myelin formation and disrupted one‑carbon metabolism [5].

At the cellular level, adequate B12 helps maintain genome stability and proper DNA methylation patterns, while supporting normal red blood cell production and oxygen‑carrying capacity [0,5,6]. Because hair follicles are rapidly dividing mini‑organs, they are sensitive to systemic deficiencies in B12 and other one‑carbon nutrients, which can indirectly affect hair quality when shortages are prolonged.

Why include it in this formula? Judging from its composition—broad B‑complex, biotin, folate, zinc, methylsulfonylmethane (MSM), hydrolyzed keratin, fat‑soluble vitamins, medium chain triglycerides, and a proprietary hair growth complex—this product is designed to support hair strength, density, and scalp/skin vitality from within. In this context, vitamin B12 forms a core "one‑carbon and blood‑health" pillar. Working together with folate and vitamin B6, it supports homocysteine–methionine balance and nucleotide synthesis, which are critical for healthy cell division in rapidly renewing tissues such as the hair matrix and scalp epithelium [0,5,6].

By contributing to normal red blood cell formation and oxygen delivery, B12 also helps ensure that hair follicles receive adequate metabolic support as they build keratin structures supplied by hydrolyzed keratin, sulfur donors like MSM, and zinc. In combination with other B vitamins that fuel mitochondrial energy pathways, cyanocobalamin helps provide the genomic and hematologic foundation that underlies the product’s visible goals: stronger, more resilient hair growing from a well‑nourished scalp environment.

References

• [0] Nutritional vitamin B12 regulates RAS/MAPK-mediated cell fate decisions through one-carbon metabolism
• [5] Folate, vitamin B12, one carbon metabolism and the nervous system: Excess folic acid is potentially harmful
• [6] Vitamin B12 – Multifaceted In Vivo Functions and In Vitro Applications

What is this ingredient? Folate in this product is provided as folic acid, the synthetic, fully oxidized form of vitamin B9 used in most supplements and fortified foods. Once absorbed, folic acid is reduced and converted into active folate coenzymes that participate in one‑carbon metabolism, a network of reactions needed for DNA synthesis, repair, and methylation, as well as for normal red blood cell formation. Inadequate folate intake can lead to megaloblastic anemia and elevated homocysteine, reflecting impaired one‑carbon flux.

Randomized controlled trials and meta‑analyses show that folic acid supplementation reliably lowers blood homocysteine in a clear dose‑dependent manner. Across 25 trials, daily folic acid doses from 0.2–0.8 mg produced approximately 13–23% reductions in plasma homocysteine, with maximal effects reached at ≥0.8 mg/day [1,3]. At typical Western baseline levels, folic acid–based regimens lowered homocysteine by about 25% on average [1]. These biochemical changes are most pronounced in individuals starting with low folate and higher homocysteine.

Why include it in this formula? From its ingredient list—broad B‑complex, biotin, zinc, methylsulfonylmethane (MSM), hydrolyzed keratin, fat‑soluble vitamins, medium‑chain triglycerides, and a proprietary hair growth complex—this product is clearly designed to support hair strength, density, and scalp/skin vitality from within. In that context, folate is a central "DNA and cell‑turnover" pillar. Hair follicles are among the fastest‑dividing tissues in the body, and they depend on efficient nucleotide synthesis and methylation cycles supported by folate and vitamin B12.

By working with B12 and B6 to regulate homocysteine and sustain one‑carbon metabolism, folate helps maintain healthy proliferation in the hair matrix and surrounding scalp epithelium, providing a genomic foundation for robust keratin production [1,3]. This complements structural inputs from hydrolyzed keratin and MSM, as well as zinc and biotin, which support keratin infrastructure. Together, these nutrients help ensure that rapidly renewing follicle cells have both the building blocks and the methylation support needed for strong, resilient hair growth over time.

References

• [1] Lowering blood homocysteine with folic acid-based supplements: meta-analysis of randomised trials
• [3] Dose-dependent effects of folic acid on blood concentrations of homocysteine: a meta-analysis of the randomized trials
• [4] Homocysteine-lowering therapy with folic acid is effective in cardiovascular disease prevention in patients with kidney disease: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

What is this ingredient? Biotin is a water‑soluble member of the B‑complex that functions as a covalently bound cofactor for several carboxylase enzymes. These biotin‑dependent carboxylases are involved in key metabolic pathways, including gluconeogenesis, fatty acid synthesis, and branched‑chain amino acid catabolism, where biotin acts as a carboxyl carrier at the active site of the enzyme [0,2,9]. At the whole‑body level, this means biotin helps the body use fats, carbohydrates, and certain amino acids efficiently, supporting energy production and lipid metabolism.

Clinically, biotin deficiency in adults develops gradually and typically presents first with nonspecific symptoms such as fatigue, hair thinning or alopecia, and eczematous skin rashes; if uncorrected, it can progress to neurological symptoms [7]. Case reports and small trials show that correcting clear deficiency or using biotin in specific nail disorders can lead to regrowth of healthy hair and thicker, firmer nails, although robust evidence in well‑nourished individuals is limited [1,4,5,7].

Why include it in this formula? Judging from its composition—broad B‑vitamin complex, zinc, methylsulfonylmethane (MSM), hydrolyzed keratin, medium‑chain triglycerides, fat‑soluble vitamins, and a proprietary hair growth complex—this product is clearly focused on supporting hair strength, density, and scalp/skin vitality from within. In that context, biotin is the headline "keratin and lipid‑metabolism" pillar. As a cofactor for acetyl‑CoA carboxylase and other carboxylases, it supports fatty acid synthesis and energy supply in rapidly dividing keratinocytes that make up hair shafts and nails [0,2,9].

Because marginal biotin deficiency can manifest as hair thinning and brittle nails, ensuring adequate intake provides a safety net while structural ingredients like hydrolyzed keratin and sulfur donors such as MSM supply the physical building blocks of hair [5,7]. Zinc and the rest of the B‑complex further support protein synthesis and follicle metabolism. Together, this positions biotin not as a stand‑alone cure, but as a central metabolic cofactor within a broader, inside‑out strategy for healthier hair and nails.

References

• [0] Importance of biotin metabolism
• [2] Molecular genetics of biotin metabolism: old vitamin, new science
• [5] Brittle nails: response to daily biotin supplementation
• [7] Biotin Deficiency

What is this ingredient? Pantothenic acid, provided here as calcium pantothenate, is vitamin B5. Inside the body it is used to form coenzyme A (CoA), an essential cofactor involved in a wide range of metabolic reactions, including the breakdown and synthesis of fatty acids, operation of the citric acid cycle, and production of many lipid-derived molecules [1,7,9]. CoA-dependent pathways are central to mitochondrial energy metabolism, linking carbohydrate, fat, and amino acid utilization into ATP production.

Because virtually every cell needs CoA, pantothenic acid is required for normal growth and tissue maintenance. Experimental work and reviews of B‑vitamin function highlight pantothenic acid as the indispensable precursor for CoA assembly, making it critical for mitochondrial enzymes such as pyruvate dehydrogenase and for fatty acid oxidation and phospholipid synthesis [1,7,9].

Why include it in this formula? From its ingredient profile—broad B‑complex, biotin, folate, zinc, methylsulfonylmethane (MSM), hydrolyzed keratin, fat‑soluble vitamins, medium‑chain triglycerides, and a proprietary hair growth complex—this product is clearly designed to support hair strength, density, and scalp/skin vitality from the inside out. Within that context, pantothenic acid acts as the "CoA and lipid‑metabolism" pillar. Hair follicles are highly active mini‑organs that require robust mitochondrial ATP production and continuous synthesis of structural lipids for cell membranes and sebum; both processes depend heavily on CoA [1,7,9].

By ensuring adequate vitamin B5 for CoA formation, this ingredient supports efficient energy delivery to follicle cells and proper handling of fatty acids, which complements structural support from hydrolyzed keratin and sulfur donors like MSM. Alongside other B vitamins that fuel mitochondrial pathways, and minerals like zinc that support protein synthesis, pantothenic acid helps create the metabolic conditions needed for healthy keratin production, aligning with the product’s goal of promoting strong, resilient hair and a well‑nourished scalp environment over time.

References

• [1] Coenzyme A metabolism
• [7] Biosynthesis of Pantothenic Acid and Coenzyme A
• [9] Mitochondrial function and toxicity: role of the B vitamin family on mitochondrial energy metabolism

What is this ingredient? Zinc, supplied here as zinc citrate, is an essential trace mineral required as a structural or catalytic cofactor for hundreds of enzymes and transcription factors. It is crucial for DNA and protein synthesis, cell division, antioxidant defense, and immune competence [0,7]. Skin and hair follicles are particularly sensitive to zinc status: zinc transporters such as ZIP10 are highly expressed in the outer root sheath and epidermal progenitor cells, and experimental disruption of zinc uptake impairs epidermal development and hair‑follicle integrity [0]. Clinically, zinc deficiency can present with dermatitis, alopecia, and impaired wound healing, reflecting its role in epithelial maintenance [4,6,8].

Case series and small clinical studies show that correcting clear zinc deficiency can reverse diffuse hair shedding and deficiency‑related telogen effluvium, supporting normalization of metalloenzyme activity and hair‑cycle control [3,8]. Observational work also finds that men with androgenetic alopecia often have lower serum zinc than controls, suggesting that marginal insufficiency may be common in hair‑loss populations [1].

Why include it in this formula? From its ingredient profile—broad B‑complex, biotin, folate, zinc, methylsulfonylmethane (MSM), hydrolyzed keratin, fat‑soluble vitamins, medium chain triglycerides, and a proprietary hair growth complex—this product is clearly focused on supporting hair strength, density, and scalp/skin vitality from within. In that architecture, zinc citrate forms a core "follicle structure and enzyme" pillar. It supports keratin and collagen synthesis, modulates key signaling pathways involved in epidermal progenitor cell proliferation, and helps maintain immune balance in the scalp environment [0,5,7].

By providing this critical trace element, the formula addresses a well‑recognized contributor to diffuse hair shedding—marginal zinc deficiency—while structural ingredients such as keratin and MSM supply the proteins and sulfur needed to build the hair shaft [3,6,8]. Working alongside vitamins A, C, D, E, biotin, and the rest of the B‑complex, zinc helps ensure that rapidly dividing follicle cells have both the micronutrient cofactors and structural building blocks needed for strong, resilient hair growth over time.

References

• [0] Requirement of zinc transporter ZIP10 for epidermal development: implication of the ZIP10‑p63 axis in epithelial homeostasis
• [1] Serum biotin and zinc in male androgenetic alopecia
• [3] Oral zinc therapy for zinc deficiency‑related telogen effluvium
• [4] Acrodermatitis enteropathica from zinc‑deficient total parenteral nutrition
• [7] Zinc‑altered immune function

What is this ingredient? Methylsulfonylmethane (MSM) is an organic sulfur compound naturally present in small amounts in certain foods and widely used as a dietary supplement. It provides a bioavailable source of sulfur, a key element in sulfur-containing amino acids and structural molecules such as keratin and certain collagen cross-links. Human randomized controlled trials most often study MSM for joint comfort and exercise recovery, where it has shown benefits for knee-related quality of life and pain in people with mild osteoarthritis or joint strain [0,1,8].

MSM also appears to influence oxidative stress and inflammatory signaling. In controlled studies around long-distance running and joint challenges, MSM supplementation has been associated with reductions in perceived muscle and joint pain and trends toward improved antioxidant and inflammatory markers, although not all changes reach statistical significance [2,8]. These properties position MSM as a sulfur donor with supportive roles in connective tissue and recovery.

Why include it in this formula? With its combination of a full B‑complex, biotin, folate, zinc, fat‑soluble vitamins, hydrolyzed keratin, medium chain triglycerides, and a proprietary hair growth complex, this product is clearly designed to support hair strength, density, and scalp/skin vitality from the inside out. In that architecture, MSM acts as the primary "sulfur and connective‑tissue" pillar. Hair keratin is rich in sulfur-containing amino acids that form disulfide bonds, which give hair its strength and resilience; MSM contributes biologically available sulfur that can be incorporated into these structures via normal metabolism.

At the same time, MSM’s studied roles in comfort and oxidative/inflammatory balance in connective tissues [0–2,8] complement zinc, vitamin C, and other antioxidants that protect the scalp environment. Paired with hydrolyzed keratin (direct protein building blocks) and B vitamins that power follicular metabolism, MSM helps ensure there is ample sulfur to support strong keratin cross-linking and healthy surrounding connective tissue, aligning with the product’s goal of promoting thicker, more resilient hair and a comfortable, well‑supported scalp.

References

• [0] Efficacy of methylsulfonylmethane supplementation on osteoarthritis of the knee: a randomized controlled study
• [1] Methylsulfonylmethane improves knee quality of life in participants with mild knee pain: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
• [2] Effects of methylsulfonylmethane on exercise-induced oxidative stress, muscle damage, and pain following a half-marathon: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial
• [8] Randomised, double-blind, parallel, placebo-controlled study of oral glucosamine, methylsulfonylmethane and their combination in osteoarthritis

What is this ingredient? Hydrolyzed keratin is a form of keratin protein that has been broken down into smaller peptides so it can be more easily dispersed and digested. Keratin is the primary structural protein in hair fibers, nails, and the outermost layers of skin. It is particularly rich in sulfur‑containing amino acids such as cysteine, which form strong disulfide bonds that give hair its rigidity, elasticity, and resistance to breakage.

When taken orally, hydrolyzed keratin supplies a focused spectrum of amino acids and short peptides similar to those found in native hair and nail keratin. While the body does not route these peptides directly into the hair shaft, they contribute to the overall pool of amino acids available for keratin production in the hair matrix and nail bed, supporting the renewal of these fast‑growing tissues as part of normal protein metabolism.

Why include it in this formula? From its full ingredient list—broad B‑complex, biotin, folate, zinc, methylsulfonylmethane (MSM), fat‑soluble vitamins, medium chain triglycerides, and a proprietary hair growth complex—this product is clearly designed to support hair strength, thickness, and scalp/skin vitality from within. Within that architecture, hydrolyzed keratin is the central "structural building‑block" pillar. It directly supplies the same kinds of amino acids that hair is made from, while nutrients like biotin, B6, and pantothenic acid support the enzymes that turn those amino acids into new keratin chains.

MSM contributes additional sulfur for strong disulfide cross‑links, and zinc helps guide keratin and collagen synthesis, while vitamins A, C, D, and E support the surrounding scalp and follicle environment. By combining hydrolyzed keratin with these metabolic and micronutrient cofactors, the formula aims to provide both the raw materials and the biochemical support needed to maintain resilient, well‑anchored hair and stronger nails over time.

What is this ingredient? Medium Chain Triglycerides (MCTs) from coconut oil are fats built from medium‑chain fatty acids, typically with 6–12 carbon atoms. Unlike longer‑chain fats, MCTs are rapidly absorbed from the gut, transported directly to the liver, and preferentially used as an immediate energy source rather than being stored. This makes them a clean, efficiently metabolized fuel that can help support steady cellular energy production.

MCTs are neutral in taste and are often used as a carrier or base in supplements because they mix well with fat‑soluble vitamins and other lipophilic actives, helping to disperse them and support their absorption in the digestive tract. In capsule and softgel formats, they are frequently paired with nutrients that benefit from a small amount of dietary fat to optimize uptake.

Why include it in this formula? This product combines a full B‑complex, vitamins A, C, D3, and E, folate, biotin, zinc, methylsulfonylmethane (MSM), hydrolyzed keratin, and a proprietary hair growth complex, and is clearly designed to support hair strength, density, and scalp/skin vitality from within. Within that architecture, MCTs from coconut oil primarily serve as a "delivery and gentle energy" pillar.

The fat‑soluble vitamins (A, D3, E) and certain components of the proprietary complex are better absorbed in the presence of dietary fat. By providing a small amount of rapidly metabolized triglycerides, the formula helps create an optimal environment for those lipophilic nutrients to move into micelles and be taken up by the intestinal lining. At the same time, MCTs offer readily available calories that can support the high energy demands of actively dividing hair‑follicle cells. In this way, Medium Chain Triglycerides help the formula work more smoothly and efficiently, complementing the structural and micronutrient support targeted at hair and scalp health.

What is this ingredient? This Proprietary Hair Growth Complex is a composite ingredient built around multiple botanicals with complementary roles for the hair and scalp. It includes saw palmetto fruit, turmeric, horsetail, Panax ginseng, ginkgo, grape seed, bamboo, and Fo‑Ti (Polygonum multiflorum) root extracts. Together, these plants provide fatty acids and phytosterols (saw palmetto), polyphenols and antioxidants (grape seed, ginkgo, turmeric), silica-rich structural support (horsetail, bamboo), circulation- and vitality‑oriented adaptogens (ginseng), and traditional hair‑tonic herbs like Fo‑Ti.

Human trials of saw palmetto–based supplements report improvements in hair fall, hair density, and overall hair quality in adults with androgenetic alopecia or self‑perceived thinning hair, likely via partial modulation of androgen pathways and follicle environment [([pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38021422/?utm_source=openai))]. Grape seed proanthocyanidins and other polyphenols show strong antioxidant and tissue‑protective properties in experimental models, further supporting a role in protecting follicles from oxidative stress [([pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35859159/?utm_source=openai))].

Why include it in this formula? With its combination of a full B‑complex, biotin, folate, zinc, methylsulfonylmethane (MSM), hydrolyzed keratin, fat‑soluble vitamins, and medium‑chain triglycerides, this product is clearly focused on supporting hair strength, density, and scalp/skin vitality from within. In that architecture, the Proprietary Hair Growth Complex is the targeted "follicle‑modulating and microcirculation" pillar. Saw palmetto contributes anti‑androgenic support relevant to pattern‑related thinning [([pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38021422/?utm_source=openai))], while ginkgo and ginseng are frequently used to support peripheral circulation and cellular energy. Horsetail and bamboo provide natural silica to complement keratin and MSM’s structural roles, and grape seed and turmeric add antioxidant polyphenols that help buffer oxidative stress around follicles [([pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35859159/?utm_source=openai))].

By layering these botanicals on top of foundational nutrients (biotin, B vitamins, zinc) and structural proteins (hydrolyzed keratin), the complex is designed to address several aspects of hair health at once: hormonal influences on follicles, local microcirculation and energy, oxidative balance, and structural resilience. This multi‑pronged herbal blend helps define the product not just as a basic multivitamin, but as a more specialized inside‑out hair‑support system.

References

• [1] Oral and Topical Administration of a Standardized Saw Palmetto Oil Reduces Hair Fall and Improves Hair Growth in Androgenetic Alopecia Subjects: A 16‑Week Randomized, Placebo‑Controlled Study
• [2] Natural Hair Supplement: Friend or Foe? Saw Palmetto, a Systematic Review in Alopecia
• [3] The Safety and Efficacy of a Proprietary Bioactive Fatty Acids Extract From Saw Palmetto for Promoting Hair Growth and Reducing Hair Loss in Adults With Self‑Perceived Thinning Hair: 90‑Day Results
• [4] Grape seed proanthocyanidin extract inhibits DNA and protein damage and labile iron, enzyme, and cancer cell activities