A highly soluble organic magnesium salt used to correct dietary insufficiency and support neuromuscular and metabolic functions. Randomized and crossover trials show magnesium citrate yields higher bioavailability than magnesium oxide—by serum/urinary magnesium responses and overall retention—making it a preferred oral form for repletion [1] [2]. Contemporary reviews likewise favor organic salts such as citrate for absorption advantages, noting that formulation, dose, and GI tolerance also influence outcomes [3]. Because citrate exerts an osmotic effect in the gut, it can gently promote bowel movements—useful in patients with concomitant constipation; avoid excess dosing and use caution in renal impairment.

[1] Kappeler D., et al. Higher bioavailability of magnesium citrate vs. magnesium oxide (single-dose randomized cross-over). BMC Nutrition (2017). Link↩︎
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[2] Walker A.F., et al. Mg citrate more bioavailable than other preparations during supplementation. Magnesium Research (2003). Link↩︎
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[3] Pardo M.R., et al. Bioavailability of magnesium food supplements: systematic review (organic vs. inorganic salts). Nutrition (2021). Link↩︎

An amino-acid chelate designed for gentle GI tolerance and reliable repletion of body magnesium. Recent evidence syntheses favor organic salts/chelates—including bisglycinate—for better bioavailability than poorly soluble inorganic forms, while noting that dose and formulation influence outcomes [1]. Clinically, a 2025 randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in adults with poor sleep quality found that magnesium bisglycinate (250 mg elemental Mg/day) produced a modest but significant reduction in Insomnia Severity Index versus placebo at 4 weeks, with signals of greater benefit in those with lower baseline Mg intake—supporting its use when gentle, well-tolerated nightly repletion is desired [2]. Use caution with renal impairment and separate dosing from tetracyclines/quinolones and bisphosphonates.

[1] Pardo M.R., et al. Bioavailability of magnesium food supplements: systematic review (organic salts/chelates vs inorganic). Nutrition (2021). Link↩︎
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[2] Schuster J., et al. Magnesium bisglycinate supplementation modestly improves insomnia severity: randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Nature and Science of Sleep (2025). Link↩︎

Magnesium malate couples elemental magnesium with malate (malic acid), providing a highly soluble organic salt for neuromuscular and metabolic magnesium repletion while supplying malate that participates in mitochondrial energy pathways. Regulatory evaluation concludes that di-magnesium malate is a bioavailable source of magnesium for foods/supplements (extent of superiority vs. other forms not established) [1]. Evidence syntheses on magnesium supplements indicate organic salts/chelates (e.g., citrate, malate family) generally show better bioavailability than poorly soluble inorganic forms, though dose and formulation remain key determinants [2].

Role within NAD formulas

Malate feeds the tricarboxylic-acid cycle and the malate–aspartate shuttle (MAS)—the dominant route by which cytosolic NADH reducing equivalents are re-oxidized in mitochondria. By supporting MAS-linked redox throughput, magnesium malate complements NAD-precursor strategies (e.g., NMN/NR) that rebuild the cellular NAD⁺ pool, helping translate higher NAD⁺ supply into sustained mitochondrial ATP production and metabolic resilience [3].

[1] EFSA Panel on Nutrition. Magnesium citrate malate as a source of magnesium (opinion on bioavailability for foods/supplements). EFSA Journal (2018). Link↩︎
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[2] Pardo M.R., et al.Bioavailability of magnesium food supplements: a systematic review. Nutrition (2021). Link↩︎
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[3] Broeks M.H., et al.The malate–aspartate shuttle is important for de novo NADH oxidation and mitochondrial redox balance. Cell Reports (2023). Link↩︎

An organic magnesium salt used for neuromuscular and metabolic repletion. In healthy volunteers, magnesium-L-aspartate-HCl produced higher bioavailability than magnesium oxide by urinary/serum responses [1]. A modern systematic review similarly concludes that organic magnesium forms (including aspartate) are generally more bioavailable than poorly soluble inorganic salts, with dose and formulation influencing outcomes [2].

[1] Mühlbauer B., et al. Magnesium-L-aspartate-HCl vs magnesium oxide: bioavailability in healthy volunteers. Eur J Clin Pharmacol (1991). Link↩︎
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[2] Pardo M.R., et al. Bioavailability of magnesium food supplements: systematic review (organic > inorganic). Nutrition (2021). Link↩︎

An organic, highly soluble magnesium salt used to correct dietary magnesium insufficiency and support neuromuscular, cardiovascular, and metabolic functions. Contemporary evidence syntheses indicate that organic forms (e.g., gluconate, citrate, lactate) generally show better bioavailability than poorly soluble inorganic salts (e.g., oxide), although dose, formulation, and GI tolerance meaningfully influence outcomes [1]. For routine oral repletion, magnesium gluconate is valued for its favorable gastrointestinal tolerability compared with some inorganic salts; as with all supplemental magnesium, avoid excessive dosing and use caution in significant renal impairment. Regulatory guidance also notes that laxative effects are dose-related and informs prudent upper-intake considerations for supplemental magnesium from non-food sources [2].

[1] Pardo M.R., et al. Bioavailability of magnesium food supplements: a systematic review (organic > inorganic; role of dose/formulation). Nutrition (2021). Link↩︎
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[2] EFSA Panel on Nutrition. Tolerable Upper Intake Levels and considerations for supplemental magnesium from non-food sources (GI effects are dose-related). EFSA (2018, consolidated guidance). Link↩︎

Magnesium ascorbate provides two actives in one: bioavailable magnesium for neuromuscular and metabolic functions, and non-acidic vitamin C (ascorbate) that supports antioxidant defense, collagen synthesis, and enzymatic cofactor activity. Evidence syntheses favor organic/chelated magnesium forms for better bioavailability than poorly soluble inorganic salts, while dose and formulation remain key determinants [1]. Contemporary reviews also detail vitamin C’s roles in maintaining redox balance and protecting mitochondrial function under oxidative stress, mechanisms relevant to cardiometabolic resilience [2].

[1] Pardo M.R., et al. Bioavailability of magnesium food supplements: a systematic review (organic/chelated forms vs inorganic). Nutrition (2021). Link↩︎
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[2] Mousavi S.M., et al. Vitamin C, redox homeostasis, and mitochondrial protection: state-of-the-science review. Antioxidants (2023). Link↩︎

Magnesium taurate supplies two actives: bioavailable magnesium for neuromuscular and metabolic functions, and taurine—an amino sulfonic acid with vascular and cardiometabolic effects (endothelial NO signaling, calcium handling, anti-inflammatory/antioxidant actions). In humans with high-normal blood pressure, taurine (1.6 g/day, 12 weeks) significantly lowered clinic and 24-h ambulatory BP and improved vascular measures versus placebo [1]. A 2023 Science study further showed that circulating taurine declines with age and that supplementation improved multiple healthspan markers across species, with beneficial correlations in humans [2]. For the magnesium component, a modern systematic review finds organic salts/chelates generally more bioavailable than poorly soluble inorganic forms—though dose and formulation matter [3]. Overall, magnesium taurate is used when gentle Mg repletion and taurine’s cardio-support are both desired; high-quality RCTs on the specific salt remain limited. Separate dosing from tetracyclines/quinolones and use caution with renal impairment.

[1] Sun Q., et al. Taurine supplementation lowers blood pressure and improves vascular function in prehypertension: randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Hypertension (2016). Link↩︎
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[2] Singh P., et al. Taurine deficiency as a driver of aging. Science (2023). Link↩︎
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[3] Pardo M.R., et al. Bioavailability of magnesium food supplements: a systematic review. Nutrition (2021). Link↩︎

An inorganic salt with very high elemental magnesium content but poor aqueous solubility, so oral bioavailability is lower than organic salts (e.g., citrate, lactate). Randomized cross-over and supplementation studies show significantly greater serum/urinary magnesium responses with magnesium citrate versus oxide, and systematic reviews likewise favor organic forms for absorption; hence MgO is not a first-line choice for repletion but remains useful as an antacid/osmotic laxative where its limited absorption contributes to dose-dependent GI effects. Use caution in renal impairment and separate dosing from tetracyclines/quinolones and bisphosphonates [1] [2] [3].

[1] Kappeler D., et al. Higher bioavailability of magnesium citrate vs magnesium oxide in a randomized cross-over trial. BMC Nutrition (2017). Link↩︎
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[2] Pardo M.R., et al. Bioavailability of magnesium food supplements: systematic review (organic > inorganic). Nutrition (2021). Link↩︎
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[3] EFSA Panel on Nutrition. Supplemental magnesium and dose-related GI effects; guidance for prudent intakes. EFSA (consolidated, 2018-). Link↩︎

Magnesium lactate is a highly soluble organic salt used to correct dietary magnesium insufficiency while supporting neuromuscular excitability, cardiac rhythm, and metabolic enzyme function. Evidence syntheses indicate that organic salts/chelates (e.g., lactate, citrate) generally produce better oral bioavailability than poorly soluble inorganic forms (e.g., oxide), although dose, formulation, and GI tolerance remain key determinants of clinical response [1]. Clinical reviews further note that magnesium lactate is well tolerated for longer-term supplementation and can be preferable when gentle GI handling is desired, provided dosing is adjusted for renal function and separated from tetracyclines/quinolones and bisphosphonates to avoid interactions [2].

[1] Pardo M.R., et al. Bioavailability of magnesium food supplements: systematic review (organic/chelated forms vs. inorganic; role of dose/formulation). Nutrition (2021). Link↩︎
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[2] Gröber U., et al. Magnesium in prevention and therapy—forms, tolerability, interactions. Nutrients (2015). Link↩︎

An inorganic magnesium salt used primarily as an antacid/osmotic laxative and only secondarily for magnesium repletion. Because magnesium carbonate has low aqueous solubility, its oral bioavailability is generally lower than that of organic salts/chelates (e.g., citrate, lactate); contemporary evidence syntheses therefore favor organic forms for absorption, while emphasizing that dose and formulation also influence clinical response [1]. In the stomach, carbonate neutralizes acid and releases CO2, explaining frequent GI effects (belching/bloating) and its utility as an antacid; as with all supplemental magnesium from non-food sources, laxative effects are dose-related, and prudent upper-intake guidance plus caution in renal impairment are advised [2]. Mechanistic reviews of intestinal Mg transport likewise note that poorly soluble inorganic salts (including carbonates) are less efficiently absorbed than more soluble organic counterparts [3].

[1] Pardo M.R., et al. Bioavailability of magnesium food supplements: a systematic review (organic/chelated forms > inorganic; role of dose/formulation). Nutrition (2021). Link↩︎
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[2] EFSA Panel on Nutrition. Tolerable Upper Intake Levels and GI effects for supplemental magnesium from non-food sources (dose-related). EFSA (consolidated guidance, 2018–). Link↩︎
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[3] de Baaij J.H.F., et al. Mechanisms of magnesium absorption and homeostasis (implications for salt solubility and uptake). Nutrients (2015). Link↩︎

Magnesium chloride is a highly soluble inorganic salt used to correct dietary magnesium insufficiency and support neuromuscular excitability, cardiac rhythm, and enzymatic metabolism. Evidence syntheses indicate that more soluble forms (including chloride and organic salts like citrate/lactate) generally yield better oral bioavailability than poorly soluble inorganic forms such as oxide—though dose, formulation, and GI tolerance meaningfully affect outcomes [1]. Mechanistic reviews of intestinal transport similarly emphasize that salt solubility governs luminal availability and uptake, with chloride solutions offering predictable dissociation and absorption via TRPM6/7-dependent pathways in the distal gut [2]. As with all supplemental magnesium from non-food sources, dose-related GI effects can occur; regulatory guidance advises prudent upper-intake considerations and caution in significant renal impairment [3].

[1] Pardo M.R., et al. Bioavailability of magnesium food supplements: systematic review (role of salt solubility; organic/soluble > poorly soluble). Nutrition (2021). Link↩︎
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[2] de Baaij J.H.F., et al. Mechanisms of intestinal magnesium absorption and homeostasis (TRPM6/7; impact of luminal solubility). Nutrients (2015). Link↩︎
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[3] EFSA Panel on Nutrition. Tolerable upper-intake considerations and dose-related GI effects for supplemental magnesium from non-food sources. EFSA (consolidated guidance, 2018–). Link↩︎

Magnesium orotate couples magnesium with orotate (a pyrimidine-nucleotide precursor), a pairing historically used for cardiometabolic support. In a double-blind, randomized trial in patients with severe congestive heart failure receiving guideline therapy, adjunct magnesium orotate improved clinical status and one-year survival versus placebo—suggesting benefit as add-on therapy rather than a replacement for standard care [1]. Modern evidence syntheses on magnesium supplements indicate that more soluble/organic forms generally show higher oral bioavailability than poorly soluble inorganic forms, though outcomes still depend on dose and formulation [2]. A recent peer-reviewed overview dedicated to magnesium orotate summarizes proposed mechanisms (myocardial energy support, membrane stabilization) and clinical contexts, while emphasizing the need for contemporary, larger RCTs [3].

[1] Stepura O.B., Martynow A.I. Magnesium orotate in severe congestive heart failure (MACH). International Journal of Cardiology (2009). Link↩︎
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[2] Pardo M.R., et al.Bioavailability of magnesium food supplements: a systematic review. Nutrition (2021). Link↩︎
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[3] Schiopu C., et al.Magnesium Orotate and the Microbiome–Gut–Brain Axis Modulation: New Approaches…Nutrients (2022). Link↩︎